Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Analytical Criticalities Associated to Different Immunological Methods for Serum Free Light Chain Detection in Plasma Cell Dyscrasias: A Description of Particular Clinical Cases

doi: 10.3390/ijms18040804

Figure Lengend Snippet: First clinical case: ( A ) Agarose gel electrophoresis of serum proteins, performed with semi-automatic analyzer Hydrasys 2 (Sebia), shows a normal profile; ( B ) High resolution electrophoresis performed on agarose gel in urine (U) and serum (S) samples of patient. In both matrices M-proteins were detected; ( C , D ) Immunofixation of serum ( C ) and urine ( D ). The figures show two monoclonal λ-free light chains proteins. ELP: fixative for electrophoretically separated proteins; G: IFE with antiserum anti-γ; A: with antiserum anti-α; M: with antiserum anti-μ; K: with antiserum anti-κ; L: with antiserum anti-λ.

Article Snippet: Currently available methods for sFLC quantification are the FreeliteTM assay (The Binding Site) and the N-Latex FLC (Siemens) [ , , ].

Techniques: Agarose Gel Electrophoresis, Electrophoresis

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Analytical Criticalities Associated to Different Immunological Methods for Serum Free Light Chain Detection in Plasma Cell Dyscrasias: A Description of Particular Clinical Cases

doi: 10.3390/ijms18040804

Figure Lengend Snippet: The measurement of sFLC using N-Latex FLC and Freelite™ on serum in the three clinical case.

Article Snippet: Currently available methods for sFLC quantification are the FreeliteTM assay (The Binding Site) and the N-Latex FLC (Siemens) [ , , ].

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Analytical Criticalities Associated to Different Immunological Methods for Serum Free Light Chain Detection in Plasma Cell Dyscrasias: A Description of Particular Clinical Cases

doi: 10.3390/ijms18040804

Figure Lengend Snippet: First clinical case: ( A ) Serum immunofixation of patients with anti-IgD, anti-IgE, and anti-λ free light chains antisera, which confirms the presence of an M-protein consisting of free light chains λ. EP: electrophoretic migration; IgD: IFE with antiserum δ; IgE: IFE with antiserum ε; Ktot: IFE with antiserum anti-κ; λ tot: IFE with anti-λ antiserum; λ free: IFE with specific antiserum anti-λ free; ( B ) Immunoblotting of serum (S) and urine (U) of the patient. The monoclonal protein is evident in both biological matrices; ( C ) SDS-PAGE is used for the separation of proteins based on their molecular weight. The bands are recovered after electrophoresis on agarose gel high-resolution. The figure shows the presence of proteins with MW of 22,000 and 44,000 Da, corresponding to monomers and dimers of λ free light chains. M: proteins PM-known index; Ctrl: control serum of patient with known monoclonal protein λ free light chain; U: urine of patient; S: serum of patient.

Article Snippet: Currently available methods for sFLC quantification are the FreeliteTM assay (The Binding Site) and the N-Latex FLC (Siemens) [ , , ].

Techniques: Migration, Western Blot, SDS Page, Molecular Weight, Electrophoresis, Agarose Gel Electrophoresis, Control

Journal: Neurology® Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation

Article Title: Kappa-Free Light Chains in CSF Predict Early Multiple Sclerosis Disease Activity

doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000001005

Figure Lengend Snippet: κ-FLC = κ-free light chain; CDMS = clinically definite multiple sclerosis.

Article Snippet: κ- and λ-FLC concentrations in CSF and serum samples were analyzed by nephelometry using Behring ProSpec with the serum FLC immunoassay (N Latex FLC kappa and N Latex FLC lambda assay, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions. κ- and λ-FLC concentrations are detected by latex-conjugated monoclonal antibodies to epitopes that are exposed when κ- and λ-FLC circulate freely., All samples were measured under blinded conditions centrally at the FH Campus Wien, University of Applied Sciences.

Techniques:

Journal: Neurology® Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation

Article Title: Kappa-Free Light Chains in CSF Predict Early Multiple Sclerosis Disease Activity

doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000001005

Figure Lengend Snippet: The probability of development of a second clinical attack, i.e., conversion to CDMS, during the 4-year follow-up period was higher in the high κ-FLC index (>100) group (n = 19) than in the low κ-FLC index (≤100) group (n = 69; p = 0.009). κ-FLC = κ-free light chain; CDMS = clinically definite multiple sclerosis.

Article Snippet: κ- and λ-FLC concentrations in CSF and serum samples were analyzed by nephelometry using Behring ProSpec with the serum FLC immunoassay (N Latex FLC kappa and N Latex FLC lambda assay, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions. κ- and λ-FLC concentrations are detected by latex-conjugated monoclonal antibodies to epitopes that are exposed when κ- and λ-FLC circulate freely., All samples were measured under blinded conditions centrally at the FH Campus Wien, University of Applied Sciences.

Techniques:

Journal: Health Science Reports

Article Title: Comparison of two serum free light chain assays for the diagnosis of primary plasma cell malignant proliferative disease

doi: 10.1002/hsr2.113

Figure Lengend Snippet: Samples with discordant serum free light chain (sFLC) ratios

Article Snippet: Recently, another sFLC test, based on monoclonal antibodies, became available (N Latex FLC, Siemens, Germany).

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery

Journal: Frontiers in Neurology

Article Title: Assessing the value of oligoclonal band count in multiple sclerosis: insights from a large cohort analysis

doi: 10.3389/fneur.2026.1719470

Figure Lengend Snippet: Box plots illustrating (a) the number of CSF-specific oligoclonal bands (OCB) of OCB positive persons with MS and CIS, (b) intrathecal produced amount of IgG of persons with MS and CIS with detectable IgG-synthesis, according to Reiber’s diagram, and (c) KFLC index of all persons with MS and CIS with KFLC index >6.1. Panel (d) shows OCB count cross across different clinical presentation types. Boxes represent interquartile range with horizontal line within the box representing the median. Lower and upper whiskers represent min. and max. values. MS, multiple sclerosis; CIS, clinically isolated syndrome; OCB, oligoclonal bands; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; IgG, immunoglobulin G; KFLC, kappa free light chains.

Article Snippet: Serum and CSF concentrations of KFLC were measured using nephelometry with the N Latex FLC kappa kit (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products GmbH), following the manufacturer’s instructions on an Atellica Neph 630 System (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products GmbH).

Techniques: Produced, Isolation

Journal: Frontiers in Neurology

Article Title: Assessing the value of oligoclonal band count in multiple sclerosis: insights from a large cohort analysis

doi: 10.3389/fneur.2026.1719470

Figure Lengend Snippet: Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the differentiation of MS and CIS ( n = 269). The plot illustrates the diagnostic accuracy of OCB count, KFLC index, intrathecal IgG synthesis according to Reiber, and the combination of OCB count and KFLC index. The area under the curve (AUC) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for each methodology is indicated in the legend. The distinct inflection point in the intrathecal IgG curve reflects the high proportion of individuals with a calculated IgG synthesis of 0.0 mg/L, where the methodology reaches its limit of continuous discrimination. MS, multiple sclerosis; CIS, clinically isolated syndrome; OCB, oligoclonal bands; KFLC, kappa free light chain; IgG, immunoglobulin G.

Article Snippet: Serum and CSF concentrations of KFLC were measured using nephelometry with the N Latex FLC kappa kit (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products GmbH), following the manufacturer’s instructions on an Atellica Neph 630 System (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products GmbH).

Techniques: Diagnostic Assay, Isolation

Journal: Frontiers in Neurology

Article Title: Assessing the value of oligoclonal band count in multiple sclerosis: insights from a large cohort analysis

doi: 10.3389/fneur.2026.1719470

Figure Lengend Snippet: Scatter plots showing the positive correlations between the number of oligoclonal bands (OCB) in CSF with (a) intrathecal IgG levels (rho = 0.6963, p < 0.0001) and (b) KFLC index (rho = 0.7099, p < 0.0001). MS, multiple sclerosis; OCB, oligoclonal bands; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; KFLC, kappa free light chains; EDSS, IgG, immunoglobulin G.

Article Snippet: Serum and CSF concentrations of KFLC were measured using nephelometry with the N Latex FLC kappa kit (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products GmbH), following the manufacturer’s instructions on an Atellica Neph 630 System (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products GmbH).

Techniques: